The Atzera Range starts at Bugandi and runs adjacent to the Markham River has an elevation of 280 meters above sea level.

[3] The possibility of major landsides in this area has increased as a result of human modification to the natural vegetation cover through clearing and gardening.

[7] In 1978 the Human Ecology Programme of the Department of Minerals and Energy, assisted by the UNEP and Unesco (Man and the Biosphere MAB Project 11) and in co-operation with the Lae City Council, instigated the Atzera Hills Project, described as an ecologically sound management system to arrest the rapid deterioration and loss of productive capacity of 600 ha of Atzera Hills.

[8] The Atzera project folded after only three years despite efforts to train and raise awareness on the benefits of charcoal, the uptake in PNG households was minimal.

[15] In October 2011, a group of teenagers from the Garaina area of Bulolo District engaged in a crime spree lasting three weeks.