[3] MOCA is an aromatic amine which is structurally similar to benzidine, a known human bladder carcinogen.

[1] It is a weak base with a slight odor and is reactive to active metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and zinc.

[4] This is the best currently available indicator of MOCA absorption, which is estimated by spot measurement of concentration in urine, creatinine-corrected.

Urine concentration is a proxy variable - the measurement is of unmetabolised MOCA - and creatinine-correction affects accuracy.

But despite such limitations the method is a reasonable means of monitoring the effectiveness of engineering controls, personal protective equipment and work practices including education.