Its call sign was the Distinction Division (勲兵団, Isao Heidan).

Itarkioi and Ketoebone detachments from the 42nd division had engaged in garrison duties at Simushir island (in Kuril Islands).

The 12th field artillery regiment was detached from the 42nd division in May 1944.

In July 1945, several thousands of personnel were detached to form other military units.

While digging in at Wakkanai, Hokkaido to oppose a possible Soviet invasion from Sakhalin across the La Perouse Strait, the 42nd division met the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 without engaging in any combat, and was disbanded in September 1945.