The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1870 United States census.

For the first time since the American Civil War, the House had a Democratic majority.

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated.

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress.

Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election.