Absorption cross section

More generally, the term cross-section is used in physics to quantify the probability of a certain particle-particle interaction, e.g., scattering, electromagnetic absorption, etc.

(Note that light in this context is described as consisting of particles, i.e., photons.)

In honor of the fundamental contribution of Maria Goeppert Mayer to this area, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the "GM".

[1][2] In the context of ozone shielding of ultraviolet light, absorption cross section is the ability of a molecule to absorb a photon of a particular wavelength and polarization.

Analogously, in the context of nuclear engineering, it refers to the probability of a particle (usually a neutron) being absorbed by a nucleus.

Although the units are given as an area, it does not refer to an actual size area, at least partially because the density or state of the target molecule will affect the probability of absorption.

of absorbing molecules per unit volume times the absorption cross section

For a given particle and its energy, the absorption cross-section of the target material can be calculated from mass absorption coefficient using: where: This is also commonly expressed as: where:

Cross-sections values for all elements with atomic number Z smaller than 100 collected for photons with energies from 1 keV to 20 MeV. The discontinuities in the values are due to absorption edges which were also shown.