Founded in 1938, the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Estonian: Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Estoniae) is Estonia's national academy of science in Tallinn.

As with other national academies, it is an independent group of well-known scientists whose stated aim is to promote research and development, encourage international scientific cooperation, and disseminate knowledge to the public.

When Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union the Academy was dissolved on July 17, 1940.

In Soviet times, it consisted of a central library and four divisions containing 15 research institutes as well as other scientific societies and museums.

Its building is the so-called palace of Ungern-Sternberg, built in 1865 by the architect Martin Gropius.