Active packaging

a packaging system that is capable of carrying out intelligent functions (such as detecting, sensing, recording, tracing, communicating, and applying scientific logic) to facilitate decision making to extend shelf life, enhance safety, improve quality, provide information, and warn about possible problems.

[3]Depending on the working definitions, some traditional types of packaging might be considered as "active" or "intelligent".

With pharmaceutical packages, a common method is to include a small packet of desiccant in a bottle.

Films are available with copper ions in the polymer structure, These neutralize the corrosive gas in a package and deter rust.

It works on the principle of difference in vapour pressure and causes reaction with metals and non-metals, and with moisture to prevent corrosion.

This technology can be used to address the increasing consumer demand for additive free and 'clean' label food products.

Oxygen causes acceleration of product degradation and oxidation of e.g. vitamins and fats by stimulating microbial activity.

Fruits and vegetables naturally discharge ethylene, which has a critical role in the growth, ripening and germination processes.

[11] One of the most common ethylene scavengers is potassium permanganate (KMnO4), which is typically immobilized on siliga gel or alumina.

For example, one type of beer can has ink that graphically shows when an ideal drinking temperature is achieved.

When dispensed, some packages meter and mix the two components so the adhesive is fully functioning at the point of application.

The ability of a package to fully empty or dispense a viscous liquid is somewhat dependent on the surface energy of the inner walls of the container.

[15] Radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips are becoming more common with the introduction of smart labels that are used to track and trace packages and unit loads throughout distribution.

Newer developments include recording the temperature history of shipments and other intelligent packaging functions.

The mechanisms of these shock overload devices have been spring-mass systems, magnets, drops of red dye, and several others.

Some engineered packaging films contain enzymes, antimicrobial agents, scavengers, natural pigments and other active components to help control food degradation and extend shelf life and safety.

[20] Bar codes have long been used with packaging to identify an item, facilitate routing, communicate locations, etc.

[21] With digital printers, unit-level QR Codes can become the equivalent of a unique identifier or URL for each packaging, and enable other interactions with consumers such as providing specific information on product traceability,[22] or deploying loyalty programs.

[23] Unit-level QR Codes are easy to counterfeit if additional security features are not used, but the scan data generated can be used for active brand protection.

For example thermochromic ink can be used to activate, change, or deactivate a code based on the item’s temperature history.

Packaging materials including silver nanoparticles have been shown to extend the shelf life of some foods.

Thus extra care is often needed for active or smart packagings that are food contact materials.

For example, when the oxygen atmosphere in a package is reduced for extending shelf life, controls for anaerobic bacteria need to be considered.