By the 19th century, evidence of its existence had been reduced to scant mention in several literary fragments from the encyclopedic classical authors: Strabo, Livy, Ptolemy, Pliny the Elder, Stephanus of Byzantium.

Fortuitously William Martin Leake in 1835 was able to publish the results of some military intelligence surveys he had made in Greece 1804 - 1810.

The Ottomans preferred to lease out their colonial holdings to the highest bidder, who would then hire mercenaries (bashi bazouks) to keep order.

His table of contents covers Epirus, Aetolia, Acarnania, Macedonia, Illyria and Thessaly.

In ancient times that gulf extended northwestward to the feet of the mountains, leaving the settlements of Lower Macedonia squeezed onto the shore.

In modern times the lake was filled leaving a river through it, while the resulting infilled space became the plain of central Macedonia.

It flows W-E from Mount Pindus parallel to and south of the mountain barrier to transect it on the east through the Vale of Tempe.

Subsequently, it reaches the southernmost part of the Macedonian Plain and enters the Thermaic Gulf.

The Pineius valley had another end reachable from high passes over the mountains and especially from Epirus, leading down the river into the plains of Upper Thessaly.

On the left bank of the Peneios at the entrance to the plain is a raised massif of vertical, chimney like formations called Meteora.

Invited to dinner, the prelate intimated that he was probably expected to perform the difficult task of stepping down.

The Catholics, however, began treating accession of Mehmed as the final end of the Roman Empire.

There were no Turkish assaults on the place, and no refugees seeking the protection of the rocks, unless from the world in general.

It was given up to plunder by L. Aemilius Paulus in 167 BCE for having refused to open its gates after the Battle of Pydna.

[4] It was here that, during the civil war between Pompey and Julius Caesar, that the latter in his march from Apollonia effected a junction with Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus.

Its modern location is tentatively assigned to a site in Nea Koutsoufliani in the municipality of Kalabaka.