[citation needed] The Republic of New Afrika was an organization which sought three key goals: Established in 1968, the RNA attracted a number of members, including Robert F. Williams, Betty Shabazz and Chokwe Lumumba.
Throughout US history, several revolutionary organizations have sought to promote control of the region as a separate political nation within the United States.
After fierce debate in the Sixth World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) in 1928, the CPUSA officially adopted a plan for self-determination for an African-American nation in the region.
James on the question of self-determination and expressed support for Black Americans seeking equal rights and an autonomous state.
But the party was also involved in organizing agricultural workers and supporting African-American civil rights, which most Black US Americans considered more important.
"[5] The SCU was openly organized by Alabama communists, and while it drew substantial support from the African-American community, it was subject to a harsh crackdown by state and non-state actors.
It wanted to attract coalition support from middle-class African-American groups in the Northeast as a part of the Party's "Hands Off Ethiopia" campaign.
After being expelled by the CPUSA, Haywood joined the October League (OL), which eventually became the Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) in the United States.