Aaron Samuel ben Israel Kaidanover (Hebrew: אהרן שמואל קאידנוור; 1614 – December 1676) was a Polish-Lithuanian rabbi.
In 1656, as a result of the Russian-Swedish War and Sweden's invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was forced to flee once again, taking refuge in Kurów.
While living at Kurów, violence visited the household: Kaidanover's home was pillaged by Cossacks, his possessions stolen, his valuable library and manuscripts among them, and his two young daughters were killed.
He was elected rabbi successively of Langenlois in Lower Austria, Nikolsburg, Glogau, Fürth, and Frankfurt am Main, and then returned to Poland in 1671 to become the rabbi of Kraków,[4] a position he held until his death on 1 December 1676, while attending the Vaad (council) HaGalil of Kraków that took place in Chmielnik.
[4][5][b] Kaidenvoer was opposed to the use of Shulchan Aruch and its commentaries in deciding Jewish law and instead supported the use of Arba'ah Turim with commentary of the Beis Yosef, going so far as to tell (letter found in the responsa Nachlas Shiva) a rabbi to sell all of his books and buy himself a set of Arba'ah Turim.