The area of the uezd corresponded to part of the contemporary Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia.

The territory of the Akhaltsikhe uezd, entered into the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828.

[1] Following the Russian Revolution, the Akhaltsikhe uezd was incorporated into the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia.

[1] Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern uezds of the Tiflis Governorate:[2][3]On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west.The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Akhaltsikhe uezd in 1913 were as follows:[4] According to the 1897 Russian Empire census, the Akhaltsikhe uezd had a population of 68,837 on 28 January [O.S.

The plurality of the population indicated Turkish to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian, Tatar,[c] and Georgian speaking minorities.