His Jewish parents had arrived in London from Poland/ Russia as children in the 1890s.

[1] He underwent National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps from 1950, being stationed in occupied Hamburg, with the rank of captain.

[1] From 1956 to 1958 he undertook clinical practise at St Mary's Hospital, London.

[2] He was director of the Central Public Health Laboratory from 1980 to 1988, when he retired.

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