Born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, Bohm was a standout hitter for Roncalli Catholic High School but was not selected in the 2015 MLB Draft.

[8] Throughout their college careers, Bohm and outfielder Greyson Jenista received the nickname "The Bash Brothers" from their teammates, a reference to their respective offensive capabilities.

[13][14][15] Commodores coach Jeff Trundy praised Bohm's performance in the summer league, saying that he "showed [...] that he can hit the best college pitching in the country".

[20] Phillies director of scouting Johnny Almaraz intended for Bohm to follow a farm system approach that they had employed with outfield prospect Adam Haseley, which would enable him to finish the 2018 Minor League Baseball season with the Class A Lakewood BlueClaws.

[27] He opened the season with Lakewood, where he batted .367 with nine doubles, three home runs, and 11 RBIs before receiving a promotion to the Class A-Advanced Clearwater Threshers on April 30.

[28] He stayed there until June 21, batting .329 with four home runs and 27 RBIs in 40 games before receiving another promotion, this time to the Double-A Reading Phillies.

[25] Because the COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of the 2020 Minor League Baseball season, the Phillies were allowed to maintain a "pool" of up to 60 players, including prospects like Bohm and Spencer Howard.

While the 30 players on the opening day roster would begin the season in Philadelphia, the rest would practice at an alternate training site in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

[33] Manager Joe Girardi told reporters early in the season that Bohm would remain at the training site until he was in a position to play "almost every day".

At the end of the season, Bohm tied with San Diego Padres infielder Jake Cronenworth for runner-up in NL Rookie of the Year voting, a title that ultimately went to Devin Williams of the Milwaukee Brewers.

[38] Bohm received his first opening day start in 2021, where he impressed both offensively and defensively against the Atlanta Braves, first with an inning-ending throw to first baseman Rhys Hoskins, followed by a sixth-inning go-ahead RBI.

[39] Bohm was the focal point of a controversial call on April 11, 2021, scoring the eventual game-winning run in a victory over the Atlanta Braves.

[40] As the season developed, Bohm's missteps at third base attracted attention, particularly after he made two errors in one 11–3 loss to the Boston Red Sox on May 21.

[42] The following day, it was announced that Bohm had tested positive but was asymptomatic for the virus, and that pitchers Aaron Nola, Connor Brogdon, and Bailey Falter had also been placed on the COVID-19 restricted list due to contact tracing protocols.

[43] Even after his return, Bohm continued to struggle with fielding, particularly with ground balls, and by August, utility player Ronald Torreyes had become the everyday third baseman for the Phillies.

[47] Both Bohm and Bryson Stott, the Phillies' top-rated prospect, made the Opening Day roster for the 2022 season, with Girardi telling reporters that he would give both infielders regular playing time.

[48] After making three throwing errors in as many innings for the Phillies' April 11 game against the New York Mets, Bohm was caught on camera telling shortstop Didi Gregorius, "I fucking hate this place."

[49] Bohm referenced the incident after the second victory over the St. Louis Cardinals on October 8 secured the Phillies the wild card spot in the National League Division Series, telling an MLB Network reporter, "I love this place.

The Phillies would go on to win the game 3–2 after Matt Vierling hit a go-ahead home run later in the inning, leading to Hader's first blown save since July 7, 2021.