Chuyanov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1925 and worked as the head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda, and the First Secretary of numerous district committees of the Komsomol until 1927.

He then served as the First Secretary of the Stalingrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from June 22, 1938, to December 6, 1946.

He reviewed a list of supposed counter-revolutionaries who had been arrested by the local NKVD, concluded that there was a lack of evidence against them, and managed to obtain releases for all the victims.

The local NKVD section tried to block this by contacting the Central Committee, but Georgy Malenkov decided to trust Chuyanov's decision.

[7][8] After serving as the First Secretary of the Stalingrad Committee, Chuyanov began working as the Head of the Main Directorate for Industrial and Consumer Cooperation under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1955.