He married Zelia Rousseau, the granddaughter of Governor Jacques Dupré, in 1826; they had 5 children before her death in 1837, one of whom died in infancy.

As governor, Mouton reduced expenditures and liquidated state assets to balance the budget and meet bond obligations without raising taxes.

He sold state-owned steamboats, equipment and slaves used to remove the Red River Raft in 1834 under Governor Roman.

He supported the call for a constitutional convention, removal of property qualifications for suffrage and office holding, and the election of all local officials and most judges.

His daughter married Confederate Major General Franklin Gardner, whose older sister became his own second wife.