In 1713, he became governor of Smolensk, in 1723, he became president of the Main Municipality and in 1726, after an appeal by Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, was named senator and hofmeister by Catherine I. Dolgorukov was the second educator of Grand Duke Peter Alexeyevich Romanov.
As he endeavoured to go by Peter II, he distracted him from work, encouraging him in chases and other enjoyments.
Here the 14-year-old Emperor met with one of Alexey's daughters, Ekaterina, who became engaged with Peter II.
After the death of Peter II, he was the only member of the Supreme Privy Council who protested against the accession of Anna, leading him and his family being exiled to Beryozov, where he died in 1734.
His mother, Praskovya Yuryevna Khilkova, was the daughter of Yuri Yakovlevich Khilkov (1682 – 1730) and Yevdokia Petrovna Neledinskaya.