Alfred Kalmus

His work there brought him into contact with some of the leading figures in new music of that era, including Béla Bartók, Leoš Janáček, and the Second Viennese School: Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern.

After the Nazi Anschluss of Austria in March 1938, Winter was dismissed and relations between the two branches of Universal Edition were severed (Simeone 2001).

Ralph Hawkes who, in contrast to most British music publishers of the time, had an outward-looking, European view of the business, had been the UK representative for UE since 1923.

[3] Universal Edition London regained its independence in 1949, and on 5 June 1951 rejoined the newly reconstituted UE Vienna, with Kalmus becoming a director together with Alfred Schlee and Ernst Hartmann.

The rapid restoration of the firm to its position as the pre-eminent publisher of modern music in Europe was largely due to the efforts of Schlee in Vienna and Kalmus in London.