Ambidextrous leadership

[3] Successful ambidextrous leaders must be able to achieve the appropriate mix of explorative and exploitative activities, unique for each organization, that will lead them to high firm performance outcomes.

[10] Managing complex business models effectively depends on leadership that can make dynamic decisions, build commitment to specific visions and goals, learn actively at multiple levels, and engage conflict.

Strategic leadership extends the upper echelons theory and includes chief executive officers, board of directors and top management teams.

[21] On the micro-level, researchers have used transformational and transactional leadership styles,[22] while on the macro-level, they have included specific moderators, such as organizational size, structure, strategy, and external environment.

They refer to a set of leaders’ roles or behaviors that influence, encourage, support and guide followers to think differently, experiment and innovate, think independently, creatively and out of the box, challenge the status quo and the existing mindsets.

This includes objective setting, sticking to plans, monitoring and controlling adherence to rules by the followers, supervising cost reductions, taking corrective actions, and establishing procedures and routines.