in Near Eastern Languages and Literatures (Arabic and Persian) from the University of Michigan in 1966; a J.D.
A major portion of her scholarship concerns human rights issues in contemporary North Africa and the Middle East.
She has published extensively in law reviews and in scholarly journals and books concerned with comparative and international law and politics in contemporary Middle East and North Africa.
Her interest in international human rights law encompasses the emergence of new ideas of corporate responsibility under international human rights law and problems concerning the transferral of former state obligations to private actors.
She consults widely on cases involving human rights issues and Middle Eastern law, being a member of the Pennsylvania Bar.