Anthraquinones

[1] Natural pigments that are derivatives of anthraquinone are found, inter alia, in aloe latex, senna, rhubarb, and cascara buckthorn, fungi, lichens, and some insects.

A type II polyketide synthase is responsible for anthraquinone biosynthesis in the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens.

[3] Chorismate, formed by isochorismate synthase in the shikimate pathway, is a precursor of anthraquinones in Morinda citrifolia.

Most of these drugs, with the notable exception of pixantrone, are extremely cardiotoxic, causing irreversible cardiomyopathy, which can limit their practical usefulness in cancer treatment.

[13][14] Soluble anthraquinones such as 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid are used as reactants in redox flow batteries, which provide electrical energy storage.

Structure proposed for the pigment carmine.
The yellow color of certain lichens, particularly in the family Teloschistaceae (here Variospora thallincola ), is due to the presence of anthraquinones. [ 2 ]
Catalytic cycle for the anthraquinone process to produce hydrogen peroxide.
Selection of anthraquinone dyes . From the left: C.I.Acid Blue 43 an "acid dye" for wool (also called "Acilan Saphirol SE"), C.I. Vat Violet 1, which is applied by transfer printing using sublimation, a blue colorant commonly used in gasoline, and C.I. Disperse Red 60 .
Aloe emodin
Daunorubicin
Mitoxantrone
Pixantrone