[1] According to the contemporary official and writer Peter the Patrician, the anthypatoi are equated the augustal governors of Egypt, and equal of rank with the comites consistoriales.
[3] However, with the progressive unification of civil and military power in the hands of the thematic strategos, by the reign of Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842– ) the title of anthypatos had become a simple court dignity.
[4] Theophanes the Confessor records that Emperor Theophilos honoured Alexios Mousele, the husband of his daughter Maria, by naming him "patrikios and anthypatos", raising him above the ordinary patricians.
[5] This change coincided with the abolition of the last vestiges of the old Roman system, as the provincial anthypatoi as civil governors were abolished, and replaced by the stratēgos of the thema, and in their role as overseers of army provisioning and financial matters, by the much less prestigious prōtonotarioi.
[6] Thus, from the latter part of Michael III's reign (842–867), the term became a regular dignity intended for "bearded men" (i.e. non-eunuchs), constituting a class above the patrikioi.