Anti-Bolshevik propaganda

The first independent ruler of Poland since the end of the 18th century, the Chief-of-State, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Republic was a devout anti-communist Józef Piłsudski.

The Soviets circulated their own propaganda materials among Polish soldiers and civilians, urging them to join the fight for the "liberation of working people and against their oppressors and bourgeoisie".

The main actor was the Communist Party of Poland, which was founded in December 1918 and was opposed to the war with the Bolsheviks.

The Communist Party of Poland organized soldiers' councils (so-called soviets) which then engaged into circulating anti-Polish propaganda.

Posters were relatively efficient as they conveyed the message in a shortened form and could easily reach a big part of the population.

The biggest number of posters, designed by Felicjan Szczęsny-Kowarski, Witold Gordon and Edmund John, were published by "Litografia Artystyczna Władysław Górczewski".

Anti-Bolshevik postcards were circulated by the Volunteer Army (Russian: Добровольческая армия; transliteration: Dobrovolcheskaya armiya).

[citation needed] Postcards and posters were generally preferred as a part of the Russian population was illiterate, which made books and pamphlets less effective.