Anton Julius Carlson (January 29, 1875 – September 2, 1956) was a Swedish American physiologist.

Carlson was born the son of Carl Jacobson and Hedvig Andersdotter in Svarteborg, in Västra Götaland County, Sweden.

Carlson was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1920 and the American Philosophical Society in 1928.

Carlson was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1929.

The cover story of the February 10, 1941, issue of Time magazine was devoted to Carlson's success as a teacher and his comparative studies of the muscular action of the heart in humans and the horseshoe crab.