Along with José Vasconcelos, he founded the Ateneo de la Juventud, a humanist group against philosophical positivism.

The Athenian generation opposed Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer’s philosophical views, giving credence to and expanding on the ideas of Henri Bergson, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and José Enrique Rodó.

[2] In the summer of 1909, Caso presented his critiques of positivism in a series of conferences later expanded in the third edition by the Athenians of Youth.

Caso refuted Gabino Barreda's and Justo Sierra's thesis that the future of Mexico was built primarily on basis of a scientific doctrine.

Antonio Caso is a pioneer in the Mexican philosophy that was developed later by Samuel Ramos, Leopoldo Zea Aguilar and Octavio Paz, among others.