Written and produced by Nerina Pallot and Andy Chatterley, the song was included as the title track on the album, which was released on 5 July 2010.
The song is a dance-pop track in which Minogue personifies herself as Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation.
"[6] "Aphrodite" was also included on Minogue's seventh extended play A Christmas Gift alongside the songs "Can't Beat the Feeling" and "Santa Baby".
[7] Musically, "Aphrodite" is a '90s-influenced dance-pop and disco[8] song which features a "foot-stomping" beat and "military drummed" instrumentation, similar to that of a marching band.
[9] Kitty Empire from The Observer praised the song's production, noting that Minogue's "core levels of piffle are magically transcended by the combined forces of stereo panning and chutzpah".
[13] Bradley Stern from MuuMuse felt that it was one of the album's strongest tracks along with "Get Outta My Way", and that Minogue "wears her sass well" on the song.