[14] The development of the caves is due to the vertical strikes of the limestone, while the horizontal opening is made by the sea.

[12] Research published in July 2019 indicates that the Apidima 2 skull fragment (designated LAO 1/S2[4]) has Neanderthal morphology, and using uranium-thorium dating,[7] was found to be more than 170,000 years old.

As of 1999, Theodore Pitsios, a Professor of Physical Anthropology and Faculty member of Medicine at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,[18] estimated that over 30 thousand fossils had been collected from Apidima Cave with the bones of six or more individuals having been found.

Of note within these collected fossils are the two crania imbedded in breccia rock in different layers of stratigraphy and were dated to have been deposited during all periods of the Pleistocene era.

for Nature Journal, it was hypothesized that Apidima 1 may be an early example of Neanderthal prior to the changes in the overall cranial structures, but after the facial features had been developed.

[21] The fossilized cranium appeared to have multiple fractures, as well as malformation of the left side of the skull, suggestive of sediment pressure which occurred after having been deposited.

Scientists used the digital nature of this analysis to reconstruct the specimen without fractures and breaks in order to visualize a clearer view of one of the earliest European hominid samples to date.

[22] In a 2019 study a research team proposed a hypothesis these Hominids present a mixture of modern human and primitive features.

[5] In a 2020 publication another research group concluded that the anatomical features of both skulls show they can be attributed to the group of evolved European Homo erectus hominins, with some early Neanderthal features, similar to the skulls of Sima de los Huesos, Swanscombe, Biache-Saint-Vaast and Lazaret, but they can be differentiated from the classical Neanderthals.