[1] Before the 20th century, there used to be three main Apinajé groups known as the Rõrkojoire, the Cocojoire, and the Krĩjobreire, each with their own land and political division, which totaled more than half of the current territory.

[3] During the first quarter of the nineteenth century the Apinajé had a successful economic growth fueled by extensive cattle farming and the extraction of babaù palm oil which brought an increase in migration.

[3] Another confrontation between the Portuguese settlers and the Apinajé occurred in 1774 when Antônio Luiz Tavares Lisboa and his band of explorers were traveling by way of the Tocantins River.

[3] Da Matta (1982) believes that the Apinajé were saved from extinction mainly due to the fact that the area they were situated in did not have true economic value.

[4] Regardless of previous conflicts, the Apinajé participated in the War for Independence of 1823 after sending “250 warriors to join the troops of José Dias de Mattos”.

With the support of Krahô, Xerente, Xavante, and Kayapó warriors, the Apinajé had their lands recognized by the Brazilian state and the route of the highway was altered to avoid passing through this indigenous territory.

[3] These schools further support the hypothesis that transmission rates are high; children are monolingual until they reach an age when they can start learning another language, leading to the majority of the population as being bilingual.

The languages of this family are concentrated mostly in “the savanna regions of Brazil from the southern parts of the states of Pará and Maranhão south to Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul”.

[7] Unfortunately, many other languages in the Macro-Jê stock have become extinct, because their East coast location meant for the first contact with Europeans, which, as written above, was violent and detrimental to many indigenous communities.

[11] In the Acknowledgements section of “The Language of the Apinajé People of Central Brazil”, Oliveira thanks the Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) for assistance with the documentation needed for the research.

The book is based on the social structure of the indigenous group, though it also includes minimal information regarding the linguistic formation of the Apinayé language.