"[1] Arabic "differs tremendously in terms of its characters, morphology and diacritization from other languages.
"[1] Accordingly, researchers cannot always import solutions from other languages, and today Arabic machine translation still needs more efforts to be improved, mainly in the area of semantic representation systems, which are essential for achieving high-quality translation.
In 2022, Abu Dhabi's Technology Innovation Institute (TII) unveiled 'Noor,' the world's largest natural language processing model for Arabic language translation.
Sakhr is one of the Arabic-speaking groups developing systematically machine processing of Arabic.
[2] Universalist approaches use the methods and systems proved to be useful in other languages like English or French making some adaptations if necessary.