[2] Filippo Maria Visconti's ambassador in Gaeta, Ottolino Zoppo, warned him of the possibility that Alfonso V, who aspired to the Kingdom of Naples, would attack his port, and serve as a bridgehead for his ambitions, and Visconti sent Francesco Spinola with 800 men, of which 400 were crossbowmen, to defend the city[3] At the death of Louis of Anjou, Alfonso was in Sicily after making expeditions against the island of Gerba (1432) and Tripoli (1434), he went against Gaeta and besieged by land and sea, and they began the work of expropriation by the besiegers, with the use of bombardments.

The expedition was conducted in secret and sailed past Recco and Portofino in a southerly direction, carefully preparing to face Aragon's numerically superior fleet of 31 ships.

[citation needed] At the end of 1437 a truce was established until March 1438, which was broken by the Angevins on Christmas Day[15] and shortly afterwards René of Anjou obtained the freedom of Philip III of Burgundy for 200,000 gold doubles,[16] managing to strengthen Naples and focusing on consolidating Abruzzo to establish a base to attack the Catalans,[17] and sending Caldora to Calabria, but he returned when his own possessions were attacked.

[18] Taking advantage of Renat's absence, Alfonso again laid siege to the capital, where in October 1438 infant Peter died,[19] and the following summer the Castel Nuovo, which the Aragonese had preserved, had to surrender.

But shortly afterwards, Alfonso occupied Salerno and Aversa, and defeated the Angevins at the battle of La Pelosa,[17] and in January 1441 he conquered Benevento.

[22] Converted into an Italian prince, with the death of Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447, Alfonso the Magnanimous soon after aspired to the succession as Duke of Milan, where the Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed, and participated in the alliances and subsequent struggles for the hegemony in Italy, which facilitated the penetration of the great powers in the peninsula.

[24] Admiral Bernat I de Vilamarí occupied and fortified Kastellorizo,[25] he operated at the mouth of the Nile and set fire to the enemy's ships there, launched himself on the coast of Syria and repeated the feat there.

[citation needed] The Wars in Lombardy did not change the political map, but the fall of Constantinople in 1453 raised fears of an Ottoman threat to Italy and the Venetian territories in the Aegean,[27] which led to the Treaty of Lodi between Milan and Venice in 1454,[28] to which Florence and Naples later joined.