Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (German: Maria Anna Ferdinanda Josepha Charlotte Johanna; 21 April 1770 – 1 October 1809) was an archduchess of Austria as the daughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and became princess-abbess of the Theresian Institution of Noble Ladies in Prague.

Her father was a son of Empress Maria Theresa, sovereign of the Habsburg monarchy, and her mother a daughter of King Charles III of Spain.

They were given a different upbringing than was usual for royal children at the time: they were raised by their parents rather than by servants, were largely kept apart from the ceremonies of court life and was taught to live simply, naturally, and modestly.

In 1809, she travelled to Neudorf (today a part of Zăbrani, Romania) where she died on 1 October, aged thirty-nine.

In 1841, her nephew, Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria commissioned a funerary plaque of Carrara marble.