Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria (Maria Dorothea Amelia; German: Maria Dorothea Amalie, Erzherzogin von Österreich; 14 June 1867 – 6 April 1932) was a member of the Hungarian line of the House of Habsburg and an Archduchess of Austria by birth.

Maria Dorothea was the second-eldest daughter and child of Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria and his wife Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Through her father Joseph Karl, Maria Dorothea was the great-granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Nevertheless, in 1906, Philippe attempted to reconnect with his wife and went to Alcsút to convince her to settle with him at the Manoir d'Anjou near Brussels.

Maria Dorothea resisted the living arrangement and remained at Alcsút.