Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (German: Maria Theresia Elisabeth Philippine Luise Josepha Johanna; English: Mary Theresa Elisabeth Philippine Louise Josepha Joan; 20 March 1762 – 23 January 1770) was a daughter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Isabella of Parma.

Maria Theresa's parents, Archduke Joseph of Austria and Princess Isabella of Parma, were married in Vienna on 16 October 1760.

In late 1761, Isabella became pregnant and on 20 March 1762, she delivered a daughter who was christened Maria Theresia Elisabeth Philippine Louise Josephe Johanna and was styled archduchess of Austria.

Her father, by that time Holy Roman Emperor, did everything in his power to save her and attended her bedside even at night.

Below are excerpts from a letter from Joseph to his daughter's Belgian born governess, Countess Christine-Philippine-Élisabeth de Trazegnies, Marquise de Herzelles, written by him just a few hours after Maria Theresa's death; The death of his only and much-idolized daughter confirmed Joseph in his growing misanthropy, and finished the job of making him a compulsive worker.