After the Seljuk penetration into Greater Armenia and the fall of Ani in 1064, waves of Armenian immigrants found their way north to the western Ukraine.

The Armenian emigrants, taking with them a handful of native soil in a piece of cloth, were scattered in southern Russia, into the Caucasus, in the land of the Cossacks, while 50,000 from among them came to Poland.

From then on, new streams of Armenian emigration periodically proceeded from the shores of Pontus towards the hospitable country of the Sarmatians, and it must be said that these guests, coming from such a distance, proved themselves really 'the salt of the earth,' an exceedingly useful and desirable element.

The Armenians played an important role in shaping Poland's economic and cultural landscape, leaving a lasting impact through their contributions:"They were mainly occupied with trade and craft.

Although they were an affluent community, some restrictions were imposed on them, since members of the Armenian Apostolic Church were regarded as heretics in the Polish society.

This advanced their assimilation processes"[6]Through successive immigrations, the Armenians of Poland gradually formed a colony, comprising up to 6,000 (excluding Kaffa).

Also from their ranks came forth later renowned Poles, such as the Malowski, Missasowicz, Piramowicz, Pernatowicz, Jachowicz, Mrozianowski, Grigorowicz, Barowicz, Teodorowicz, among others.

An abbot named Mikołaj Torosowicz was ordained a bishop in 1626 by Melchisedek, a former coadjutor-Katholikos of Etchmiadzin who supported restoring unity with the Roman Catholic Church.

[10] Initially, Armenians settled in royal cities along important trade routes, but later also in private towns, attracted by Polish magnates.

[11] Other local Armenian communes were in Brody, Brzeżany, Horodenka, Jazłowiec,[12] Józefgród, Łysiec, Mohylów Podolski, Obertyn, Podhajce, Raszków, Stanisławów, Studzienica, Śniatyn, Tyśmienica, Złoczów and Żwaniec.

[19] After Poland regained control of Podolia, Armenians once again settled in various towns in the region, including Józefgród, Mohylów Podolski, Obertyn, Raszków and Satanów.

Nicolae Șuțu writes in Notion statistiques sur la Moldavie (published in Iași, 1849): "From the 11th century, the Armenians, leaving their settlements invaded by the Persians, took refuge in Poland and Moldova.

When James Louis Sobieski attempted to ascend to the Moldavian throne, his base of operations was the 15th century Armenian monastery of Suceava.

Beginning in 1690, the Monastery became the headquarters of the Polish Army for all of their operations in Moldova related to Poland's participation in the War of the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire.

On the contrast poorer Armenians tended to fully assimilate between Ukrainians, without retaining any of the prior cultural difference.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 6,000 Armenians living mostly in Eastern Galicia (today Western Ukraine), with centers in Lwów (Lviv), Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk), Brzeżany (Berezhany), Kuty, Łysiec (Lysets), Horodenka, Tłumacz (Tlumach) and Śniatyn (Sniatyn).

[32] During WWI some activists sought to reestablish an independent Armenia or to obtain international protection for Armenians from the Turkish-perpetrated massacres.

The regions of Poland where Armenians were concentrated such as Eastern Galicia were annexed into the Soviet Union as part of the agreements reached at the Yalta conference.

Many of them were resettled in cities in northern and western Poland such as Kraków, Gliwice, Opole, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Warsaw.

[41] The Armenian Rite Catholic Church which had been historically centered in Galicia as well as in the pre-1939 Polish borderlands in the east, now has three parishes; one in Gdańsk, one in Warsaw and the other in Gliwice.

[42] There are also now schools in Poland that have recently opened or added on courses that teach Armenian language and culture either on a regular or supplementary basis in Warsaw and Kraków.

There are some 20 khachkars in Poland,[43] with various, typically multiple, dedications, including in Kraków, Elbląg, Gdańsk,[44] Gliwice,[45] Klebark Wielki, Wrocław,[46] Warsaw,[47] Łódź,[48] Lublin, Zamość, Kurów,[49] Szczecinek, Kielce, Święty Krzyż,[50] Białystok,[43] Kartuzy,[51] Łomna,[52] and Zabrze.