The parish includes the villages of Aston Rowant and Kingston Blount, and adjoins Buckinghamshire to the southeast.

[2] In 1971 a hoard of late seventh- and early eighth-century silver coins called sceattas was found on the Chiltern escarpment, near where the A40 road crosses the Icknield Way.

Bishop Stigand of Winchester had promised to grant Aston to the Benedictine Abingdon Abbey but failed to do so.

[5] The Domesday Book records that in 1086 Aston belonged to Miles Crispin, son-in-law of Robert D'Oyly.

FitzCount and Maud supported the Empress Matilda during the Anarchy, and when King Stephen defeated Matilda both FitzCount and Maud entered religious houses, the latter to Wallingford Priory to whom the grant of the church (glebe and advowson) was made, subsequently appointing its vicar until the dissolution of the monasteries.

Stephen granted their estates to Henry, Duke of Normandy, thus making Aston part of the Honour of Wallingford.

In the 15th century natural light in the church was increased by the addition of a window in the north wall and a clerestory above the nave,[5] both of which are Perpendicular Gothic.

Aston Rowant was a large strip parish, more than double its current size, extending about 6 miles (10 km) from the southern edge of Thame Park in the northwest to Beacon's Bottom high in the Chilterns to the southeast.

British Railways withdrew passenger services in 1957 and closed Aston Rowant goods yard in 1961.