August became major-general of the Polish Army in 1729, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in 1731, general starost of Podolia in 1750–1758, and a Knight of Malta.

He was starost of Warsaw, Kościerzyna, Lubochnia, Kałusz, Latowicz, Lucyn, Wąwolnica, Kupiski and Pieniań.

During the reign of August III, with his brother Michał, Czartoryski was a leader of the "Familia."

From 1764 to 1766, he was marshal of the General Confederation (Polish: konfederacja generalna); from 1764, a commander for the Crown.

He was a supporter of political reforms during the Republic, and an opponent of the Radom Confederation.