The majority of these resulting breeds share common traits relative to market requirements such as high growth rates, greater meat yields per carcass and heat and drought resistant capabilities.

[3] These new technologies and practices in agricultural industries were utilised in order to maximise economic returns, increasing efficiency of normal operations and allowing more adapted means of production.

The Charbray breed was developed in order to suit the environmental conditions of Northern Queensland and to meet market requirements of a higher meat yield in comparison to growth time.

[1] The Charbray essentially combines the hardiness and tick resistance of the American Brahman with the lean beef characteristics and docile temperament of the French Charolais.

[1] Charbray cattle produce carcasses with high meat-yield meeting market requirements and are able to respond to seasonal changes through foraging attributes and hardiness.

The Brahman cattle was widely introduced into Australia from North America in 1933 as it was a breed well-suited for the tropics for their heat and drought tolerance.

Upon maturity, the Brahman cows have good milk production and a maternal nature, and demonstrate significant hybrid vigour and hence, used in cross breeding programs to develop the stabilised tropical crossbreed of the Chrabray.

[6] Brahman cattle found in the Southern regions of North America showcase high heat tolerance, resistance to external and internal parasites, adaptability to fibrous forage and ability to withstand higher levels of UV radiation and humidity.

Desired traits are combined to improve market flexibility and to maximise productive capacity of cattle populations in tropical Northern Australia.

[12] Crossbreeding between the Charolais and the Brahman cattle is necessary in order to address the numerous stressors in tropical and subtropical environments in Northern Australia.

[13] These stressors include ectoparasites (such as cattle ticks and biting insects), endoparasites (such as gastrointestinal worms), seasonally deficient nutrition, hot and humid environments, and other pathogenic diseases.

[9] Cattle populations are dependent on the establishment of well-defined objectives in crossbreeding, ensuring production is optimal in changing physical and economic environments.

Development of reproductive technologies in the mid-twentieth to twenty-first century have increased cattle populations, meeting growing market demand for beef globally.

[14] Artificial insemination is a biotechnology widely used to improve production of cattle in agriculture, using selection methods that ensure optimal fertility and breeding outcomes.

The fertility of the Charolais bull is an important factor as defective semen quality can contribute to reproductive failure, accounting for approximately 5-20% of embryo deaths by day 8 of development.

Similarly, in Brahman cows, approximately +90% of oocytes complete nuclear maturation, with around 80% being successfully fertilised, and a third reaching the late developmental stages into a blastocyst.