Autonomous robot
Common proprioceptive sensors include thermal, optical, and haptic sensing, as well as the Hall effect (electric).
[1] Some robotic lawn mowers will adapt their programming by detecting the speed in which grass grows as needed to maintain a perfectly cut lawn, and some vacuum cleaning robots have dirt detectors that sense how much dirt is being picked up and use this information to tell them to stay in one area longer.
While the level of intelligence is not high in these systems, they navigate over wide areas and pilot in tight situations around homes using contact and non-contact sensors.
These robots originally used manually created CAD floor plans, sonar sensing and wall-following variations to navigate buildings.
The next generation, such as MobileRobots' PatrolBot and autonomous wheelchair,[3] both introduced in 2004, have the ability to create their own laser-based maps of a building and to navigate open areas as well as corridors.
Systems such as Motivity can rely on different sensors in different areas, depending upon which provides the most reliable data at the time, and can re-map a building autonomously.
Rather than climb stairs, which requires highly specialized hardware, most indoor robots navigate handicapped-accessible areas, controlling elevators, and electronic doors.
As these indoor techniques continue to develop, vacuuming robots will gain the ability to clean a specific user-specified room or a whole floor.
Some of these unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are capable of flying their entire mission without any human interaction at all except possibly for the landing where a person intervenes using radio remote control.
SpaceX operates a number of autonomous spaceport drone ships, used to safely land and recover Falcon 9 rockets at sea.
[5] Outdoor autonomy is the most difficult for ground vehicles, due to: There are several open problems in autonomous robotics which are special to the field rather than being a part of the general pursuit of AI.
Reinforcement learning has been used to control and plan the navigation of autonomous robots, specifically when a group of them operate in collaboration with each other.
[7] As autonomous robots have grown in ability and technical levels, there has been increasing societal awareness and news coverage of the latest advances, and also some of the philosophical issues, economic effects, and societal impacts that arise from the roles and activities of autonomous robots.
[12] The rover relied on a fusion of measurements from inertial sensors, wheel encoders, Lidar, and camera for navigation and mapping, instead of using GPS or magnetometers.
[14] Between 2013 and 2017, TotalEnergies has held the ARGOS Challenge to develop the first autonomous robot for oil and gas production sites.
[46] Construction robots are used directly on job sites and perform work such as building, material handling, earthmoving, and surveillance.
Next to full scale robot prototyping they are also used for education, especially at university level, where more and more labs about programming autonomous vehicles are being introduced.
that robots with similar characteristics to invalid carriages (e.g. 10 mph maximum, limited battery life) might be a workaround for certain classes of applications.
If the robot was sufficiently intelligent and able to recharge itself using the existing electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure it would only need minimal supervision and a single arm with low dexterity might be enough to enable this function if its visual systems had enough resolution.
