[1][2] She was the Helen Goodhart Altschul Professor of Art History at Barnard College from 1958 to 1998.
[2] She also studied at the Art Students League of New York and Parsons School of Design.
[3] She was trained under Rubens and Rembrandt scholar Julius S. Held at Barnard and under Jakob Rosenberg at Radcliffe.
[4] She received a Fulbright fellowship in 1953 to pursue her dissertation on the Hudson River School artists Thomas Cole and Asher Durand.
[6] Her most recent book Voyages of The Self: Pairs, Parallels, and Patterns in American Art and Literature was included in the Oxford University Press trilogy American Painting of the Nineteenth Century, Nature and Culture.