The practical result is that inserting a Barlow lens magnifies the image.
[1] Since the magnification provided by a telescope and eyepiece is equal to the telescope's focal length divided by the eyepiece's focal length, this has the effect of increasing the magnification of the image.
Astronomical Barlow lenses are rated for the amount of magnification they induce.
A common misconception is that higher magnification always equates to a higher-quality image.
In microscopy the Barlow lens is used to increase working distance and decrease magnification.