The Battle of Kalyani was a confrontation between the Vijayanagara Empire led by the regent Rama Raya and the combined forces of the Sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Golconda, and Bidar.

As part of their agreement, the Sultan of Ahmadnagar would target Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar, while Bijapur would focus on advancing into Vijayanagara's territory without interference.

[3][4][5] Rama Raya perceiving that the true instigator of the conflict with Bijapur was likely Burhan Nizam Shah I of Ahmadnagar, chose to focus his efforts on weakening the alliance between the two Sultanates.

[1][2][5] To reach the territories of Ahmadnagar Rama Raya had to traverse the regions controlled by Golkonda and Bidar necessitating a well coordinated strategy to address potential resistance.

[1][2] The events of this campaign are mentioned in Hindu poems which recount the capture of the city of Kaliyani, a decisive battle between the Vijayanagar and Allied Sultans Army and the subsequent sack of Ahmadnagar.