[12] Although the Sui army approached Pyongyang, troops were in no condition to besiege the fortified capital without any further supplies.

The surviving Sui troops were forced to retreat at a breakneck pace to the Liaodong Peninsula to avoid being killed or captured.

The near-annihilation of the contingent sent to Pyongyang, along with the lack of progress in Liaodong, forced Emperor Yang to retreat without any major gains.

Eventually, the enormous human and financial costs of the campaigns resulted in multiple rebellions and the empire started to crumble from within.

It was finally brought down by internal strife and replaced by the Tang, who would continue campaigns against Goguryeo in the Goguryeo-Tang wars.