Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil is a nonfiction book by historian James N. Green published by the University of Chicago Press in 1999.

During this period, the term "entendido" was used by middle class gay men to define someone who failed to fit into the strict active or passive roles in sex.

In the late 1950s, Brazilian sociologist José Fábio Barbosa da Silva conducted research on a wider population of gay men, claiming that past studies may have been biased due to the framing of homosexuality as a disease rather than as a natural occurrence.

Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were among the first[clarification needed] to begin releasing homemade newsletters, like O Snob, which focused exclusively on gay culture and gossip.

The 1970s, Brazil saw an emergence of a visible gay rights movement, with activists pushing for laws that protected the LGBT community from discrimination and for greater representation in media.

In 2001 and 2002, Richard Parker, Charles Klein, and Susan Besse praised Green's way of acknowledging systemic issues such as violence, oppression, privilege, and stereotypes within both a historical and cultural context.