[6] Further research found support for the entire Five-Factor Model in Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Hungarian, German, Australian, South African, Canadian, Finnish, Polish, Portuguese, Israeli, Korean, Japanese, and Filipino samples, in addition to other samples.
For example, differences between men and women in Big Five traits, although small compared to variation within gender, do seem to exist consistently across a number of cultures.
[9] Additionally, longitudinal studies have found consistency in personality changes that occur across the lifetime, in both adults and adolescents.
[10][11] Research in Big Five traits in American and Flemish teens showed similar changes in personality from ages 12 to 18.
[11] In addition, the period from young adulthood to middle adulthood is associated with increases in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness and decreases in Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion in several countries, including the United States, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, and South Korea.
[12] Gender differences in personality tend to be larger in developed societies (such as France and the United States) compared to less-developed countries (such as Zimbabwe and Malaysia).
[6] Thus, it may be most productive to think of the Five Factor Model as a framework for beginning to explore systematically individual differences in behavior within a particular culture.
[1] Some researchers suggest that important aspects of certain cultures which could include the personality traits of honesty and humility are not captured by the Five Factor Model.
[16] Several questions that researchers have asked about controversy about the Five Factor Model is if people can understand it, if the measures are accurate, and if it represents personality correctly.
Researchers compared self-report personality data for conscientiousness across cultures in Europe and compared these to behavioral markers of conscientiousness across cultures, such as the accuracy of bank clocks and how efficiently post office workers gave change for a purchase.
For example, cultures that had more accurate bank clocks tended to score lower on conscientiousness in the Big Five personality scale.
[20] This rotation creates less overlap among the six personality traits of the HEXACO, and allows for better prediction of behaviors such as deceit without hostility (e.g. social monitoring).
[20] Support for the HEXACO model has been found in multiple countries, including Dutch, French, German, Italian, Korean, Polish, and English samples.
[4] Traits in the CPAI model have also collectively been referred to as "Interpersonal Relatedness," and include: Support for this model of personality was originally developed in studies in mainland China and Hong Kong, China, but the existence of the Interpersonal Relatedness dimension of personality has also been found in samples from Singapore, Hawaii, and the Midwestern United States.