[1] Consequently, past and present gender studies publications are claimed to contain paradigms, theories, and narratives that are grounded in anti-Black misandry, along with a theoretically constructed language of hypermasculinity, and tend to be ill-equipped at understanding Black males as victims.
[16][further explanation needed] In 1998, Harold Mason developed an empirical community college persistence model for African American males.
[16][further explanation needed] Through the authoring of Tommy J. Curry's The Man-Not: Race, Class, Genre, and the Dilemmas of Black Manhood (2017),[17] the theoretical foundations for[18] and the necessity of Black male studies as a distinct area of study was shown,[19] the presence of Black male studies in philosophy was made known,[17] and the necessity for its multidisciplinary focus on topics such as class, law, masculinity, politics, and race were shown.
[12] However, Rasheed also indicated that numerous scholars from inside and outside of academia contributed to the foundations of Black male studies.
[20] The book series was grounded in the post-intersectional paradigms of global South masculinities and social dominance theory, sought to address the existing shortcomings in masculinity studies publications, and aspired toward the development of empirically established theorization in Black male studies.
BMS scholars claim that in the United States, Black males are excluded, otherized, ostracized, and discriminated against on the basis of race and sex.
[14] During the 19th century, the heteropatriarchal norms of family structure and society limited political and socioeconomic dominance and power to the realms of white manhood; the caricature of Black males as maliciously violent and animalistic stems from this 19th-century environment.
[14] Curry argues that White suffragettes, such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, were influential in the expansion of the power of White supremacy through their advocating for the mass lynching of Black males[23] and through the demonization of Black males so as to affect their right to vote.
[14] Amid slavery and Jim Crow segregation, Black males of all ages were enslaved, lynched, and raped by White men and women.
[26] Black male studies establishes anti-Black misandry as enshrined in academia, particularly in academic literature and theories of feminism and intersectionality.
"[28] Tommy J. Curry defines phallicism as "the condition by which males of a subordinated racialized or ethnicized group are simultaneously imagined to be a sexual threat and predatory, and libidinally constituted as sexually desirous by the fantasies or fetishes of the dominant racial group.
[1] Due to the perception among BMS scholars that the racial theorization of critical race theory doesn't particularly address the problem of anti-Blackness, distinct from White supremacy,[how?]
[34] A continuous pattern found throughout academic works from Black male studies is Black male accounts of experiencing racial battle fatigue, which is defined as "the physical and psychological toll taken due to constant and unceasing discrimination, micro-aggressions, and stereotype threat.