Social constructivists "opening" the black box of an electric car would find Tesla and lithium mining.

As Michel Callon notes, an actor-network is a system of discrete entities or nodes, while the reality that it represents is theoretically infinite.

However, if the simplified "black box" insufficiently models the system in question, it must be opened, creating a "swarm of new actors.

"[4] Theorist Clay Spinuzzi points out that this simplification creates problems when “opening” a black box if a breakdown occurs.

[6] R.H. Lossin also critiques black-boxes as a transposition of Marx’s use-value, where the ‘dead labor’ embedded into objects is transformed into a Latourean conception of neutral inputs and outputs.