The wing tops of the relatively narrow forewings, are usually orange-brown and are traversed by a fine, black pattern consisting of dots and lines as are the hindwings.

The species is distributed all over Europe, Central and Northern Asia, being partly confined to the high mountains.

Specimens with the upperside almost entirely black,bearing only vestiges of the reddish yellow ground-colour in the outer area, are ab.

killiasi Ruhl the markings of the forewing are absent apart from slight traces, but rather more strongly developed on the hindwing than usual, the base, disc and the veins being more extended black.

in Greece, but which I also received from the Parnassus through Herr Kraeber, is a rather large form, whose male is very bright red; it differs in the very distinct ocelli in the outer half of the hindwing beneath and in the chequered fringes; somewhat resembling arsilache by the strong markings of the underside of the forewing.

(68b) is smaller, the male is likewise very bright brick-red above, but much paler beneath, and the dark markings of the female are sometimes as if dusted with flour.

Also the shape of the insect is different, the wings being broader and more rounded, and the specimens usually larger than alpine pales.

[ now B. aquilonaris aquilonaris specimens from western North Europe have been separated (Lapponia, Scandinavia, Belgium) which connect pales with arsilache; it is smaller than arsilache, the forewing beneath bears diffuse markings, which are hardly more washed out than in certain specimens from the high Alps and much less than in individuals from East-Prussia and Russia.

[ now Boloria generator (Staudinger, 1886)](68a) has in the male the upperside very bright reddish yellow with very small dot-like markings, which are sometimes obsolete in the median area, while the female bears whitish lunules before the outer margin.

[ now subspecies B. p. eupales(Fruhstorfer, 1903)] (68b) is characterized by the very brightly variegated underside, beautiful moss-green spots alternating with cinnamon smears, which are both much more dentate and indented than in nymotypical pales; the silvery gloss,however, is strongly reduced; in Tibet, at 9000 ft., rare.

(68a) is still more fiery red than generator, the median area is entirely without markings and the black colour is reduced at the base of the forewing and the abdominal margin of the hindwing; from Syr-Darja.

— Whereas the forms from Central Asia mentioned above belong to the pales-series, a form from Kentei which Herr Bang-Haas has kindly sent me is an arsilache; its upperside is very strongly spotted with black, the forewing beneath bearing weak spots and the hindwing being very silvery.

— At the boundary of the Palearctic Region, in the North- Western Himalayas, there occur several more forms of this widely distribute species, for instance sipora Moore (68b); forewing above and beneath as in arsilache, the black markings abundant and rather prominent ; the spots in the middle of the forewing thinner and sparser in the male, the base on the contrary very black, so much so in the female that on the hindwing only the outer marginal area is not black; from Kashmir.

— baralacha Moore [now Boloria sipora (Moore, [1875])] (68b) differs from sipora mainly in the sparse markings of both sides; the base of the wingsis hardly blackened in the male and the hindwing beneath is almost unicolorous on account of the various colours being weak and diffuse; likewise in the North- Western Himalayas.