Boulengerula taitana

This species also has physiological adaptations in place to increase oxygen uptake and affinity to fit their underground lifestyle.

[4] Hatchling B. taitana are about 28mm in length and have an inadequately ossified axial and skull skeleton in contrast to other direct-developing species.

Hatchling B. taitana also have weakly-developed body musculature and external annulation, which negatively affects their mobility – essentially restricting it.

Adults primarily eat termites, dipteran larvae, ants, antlions, slugs, thrips, centipedes, and earthworms.

[8] Rather than large jaw muscles and bite forces, they utilize long-axis rotations to reduce prey.

In B. taitana, the prey must be contacted and jaw openings modified via sensory feedback before feeding is initiated.

Despite their slow feeding, their predation movements are rapid - with an average peak lunge velocity of 7.4 cm sec−1 and the similar jaw closure speed.

The folded section of the mucosal layer is sheathed in the pseudo-stratified epithelium and reinforced by the tissue of the lamina propria.

At this point, the para recta (the anterior segment) has a limited amount of shallow crypts, and the surface epithelium contains a multitude of clusters of ciliated and secretory cells.

For pregnant females, smaller clutches allow them to continuously burrow within rigid substrates and feed on prey due to minimal changes of the thin body.

[6] The eggs of B. taitana are laid in terrestrial chambers constructed by females, negating development through an aquatic larval stage.

Prior to or following the hatching of their eggs, B. taitana mothers typically occupy areas close to other nesting females.

The peculiar dentition of dermatophagous (skin feeding) may be the result of a pre-adaptation to fetal viviparous caecilians eating the oviduct lining of their mothers.

After their birth, the young position themselves on different parts of their mother's body and repeatedly use their lower jaws to lift and peel the outer lays of the skin, which are rich in lipids.

Within one week of care, juvenile B. taitana substantially increase in total length, averaging growth of about 1 mm per day.

[11] The skin color of nurturing mothers is considerably lighter than other females and males due to the differences in composition at the cellular and tissue level.

[7] B. taitana are fossorial species, meaning their habitat consists of burrowing into moist and hard packed soil.

Due to this, B. taitana often encounters hypercarbic and hypoxic conditions, which showcases that blood respiratory properties may be a result of adaptive features to its environment and behavior.

Oxygen uptake levels of B. taitana are significantly higher than those of other caecilians, but they fall within the ranges of other amphibians.