Boundary cells were subsequently discovered in several regions of the hippocampal formation: the subiculum, presubiculum and entorhinal cortex.
The hypothetical input cells (BVCs) responded to environmental boundaries at particular distances and allocentric directions from the rat.
For example, neurons classified as "border cells" may include some that fire at short range to any environmental boundary (regardless of direction).
[9] Testing with mice has revealed evidence of neurons located within the dorsomedial striatum that each have consistent activation when the mouse is at a certain distance and angle from nearby boundaries.
Current research suggests that there exists a strong connection between the allocentric and egocentric representations of environments: both the static environmental map and the dynamic positional details are needed for intentional movement.