Bouquet graph

It is the graph-theoretic analogue of the topological rose, a space of

When the context of graph theory is clear, it can be called more simply a bouquet.

In particular, every cellularly embedded graph can be reduced to an embedded bouquet by a partial duality applied to the edges of any spanning tree of the graph,[2] or alternatively by contracting the edges of any spanning tree.

In graph-theoretic approaches to group theory, every Cayley–Serre graph (a variant of Cayley graphs with doubled edges) can be represented as the covering graph of a bouquet.

This graph theory-related article is a stub.

, a bouquet with one vertex and four self-loop edges
Ribbon graph representation of an embedding of onto the projective plane .