Bruchus rufimanus

They become sexually mature in a few days, as a result of both an increased duration of photophase and the ingestion of faba bean pollen and nectar (Tran and Huignard 1993).

Adults are extremely mobile during the day, and find refuge in resting sites in flowers and young leaves at night and early morning.

Fields near overwintering sites such as woody and herbaceous environment, and storage facilities, present increased risk of B. rufimanus colonization, particularly in areas with high infestation the precedent year.

After about 10 days (1–3 weeks depending on temperatures), larvae hatch and bore directly throughout the pod walls and develop within the seed.

Because of their larval development inside the seeds which are protected by the pods, most inventorying methods are based on population of B. rufimanus adult in the field or at emergence.

The development semiochemical attractants trapping systems for both monitoring and pest control has received particular interest in ongoing research on the beetle.

In addition, population estimate are difficult to obtain as egg laying is spread over time until 5–10 days after the end of flowering (BBCH 77).

Additionally, the end of larval and pupal diapause and therefore the emergence of B. rufimanus can be induced via a solution of NaOCl and chinosol in 7 days at 30 °C,[5] allowing the estimation of an overall infestation rate can be assessed.

Because of the faba bean crop biology and its attraction to pollinators at flowering stage, restrictions on pesticides uses have been introduced in Europe.

In addition, due to B. rufimanus' biology, a temperature threshold combined with crop development stage can be used to increase the success of chemical treatments.

Forecasting systems (Bruchi-LIS, Arvalis, France and BruchidCast, Syngenta, UK) have been developed to optimize insecticide applications based on temperature and crop stage.

Although the measures taken in storage facilities do not decrease the proportion of damaged seeds, they limit the densities of emerging insects and therefore the pressure for the coming year.

Because B. rufimanus biology is highly linked to crop development and climatic conditions, pest damage and pressure the next year can vary according to sowing and harvesting date.

Generalist predators on faba bean leaves such as spiders might feed on B. rufimanus eggs and contribute to their biological control although no data was found on their potential impact on the population size or growth.

Beans, peas, and bean pod with holes drilled by Bruchus rufimanus